Global Warming, Its Effects, Matigation, Future Pridictions

Global warming

Means a clear and continuously increase in the World’s temperature due to boost in gases (greenhouse gases) and other pollutants. Because according to information from 1971, 90% of the warming occurred in the ocean. In spite the ocean play an important role in energy store. The word global warming is also used to submit to increases in normal temperature of the air and ocean .If we looking from the past the earth temperature rises from early 20th century and rises about 0.8 0C (1.50F). The temperature is rising consecutively in last three decades starting 1850.

According to scientific study the global warming has been increasing. In its fourth assessment (AR4 2007) of the relevant scientific literature, the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) accounted that most of the global warming was being caused due to increasing absorption of greenhouse gases produced due to anthropogenic activities. In 2013 according to IPCC affirmed that largest things that causes global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on or after fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use alterations for instance deforestation.

Forth assessment report (AR4) by the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) has sum up a climate change model in 2007. They point out that during 21st century the temperature is likely to rise up to a more 1.1 °C to 2.9 °C (2.0 to 5.2 °F) for their lowest emission scenario and 2.4 to 6.4 °C (4.3 to 11.5 °F) for their highest.

Some external forcing can “force” the climate in the direction towards increase in temperature or decrease in temperature. Instances of external forces such as changes in atmospheric composition (e.g., increased attentions of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variation in earth,s orbit around the Sun. The 20th century Instrumental temperature record illustrates unexpected increase in global temperatures.

Greenhouse gases

It is the process in which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by gases in a planet's atmosphere warm its lower atmosphere and surface. This is proposed by Joseph fourier in 1824, discovered in 1860 by John Tyndall, was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896, and was developed in the 1930s through 1960s by Guy stewart Callender.

Here are some greenhouse gases such as water vapours, which can cause about 35–69% of the greenhouse effect; cabon dioxide CO2, which causes 9–27%; methane (CH4), which causes 4–9%; and ozone (O3), which causes 3–7%. Clouds can also affect the radiation balance through cloud forcing like to greenhouse gases.

After the industrial revolution the amount of GHG, s increased in the atmosphere. The CO2, methane, and ozone increased in the troposphere leading to global warming. According to work published in 2007, the quantity of CO2 and methane have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since 1750.

Mitigation

The dropping of quantity in future climate change called mitigation of climate change. IPCC has describe mitigation as activities that decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) production, or increase the absorption ability of soil to absorb the carbon and other GHGs from the atmosphere. The researches and studies specify that the future reduction in emission of GHGs is important and we have to take serious action against the industries and we should apply carbon tax on them. We should use those resources which are renewable and which are less harmful for human, for the environment and for the biodiversity. Such as solar energy, wind energy and hydro energy etc. Climate mitigation also includes acts to enhance natural sinks, such as Afforestation.

If we want to improve the environment then we have adopt policies that will limit the greenhouse emission. But we have to think about our environment before the conditions become worse or irreplaceable. Energy-related carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2010 were the highest in history, breaking the prior record set in 2008.

Conclusion

The researches are studies indicate that the temperature of the earth is increasing because of natural and anthropogenic activities. If we don’t care about our earth then who will care? So the nature provides its services for us but us trying to deplete the services that are providing by nature. So we have to think and stop such activities which damage our earth or nature.

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Polar Climate - Characteristics, Current Status and Threats

Polar climate

The polar climatic regions are categorized on climate, temperature and radiation. Every year or every month polar climatic regions has average temperature of less than 10 degree centigrade. polar climatic regions like (Arctic and Antarctica) cover about 20% of the earth. In these regions sun shines 24 hours in the summer, and rarely ever shines at winter season.

Types of Polar Climate

There are two types of polar climate. The first one is ET, or tundra, the second one is EF, or ice cap climate. The tundra climate is characterized by having 0oC at least in one month. When tundra climate is arrived tress cannot grow, but some plants can grow which can have ability to grow in this climate. In ice climate, no plant can grow. This average is due to low radiation, albedo and high altitude.

Characteristics of Polar Climate

One of the most characteristic of polar climatic regions has large seasonal fluctuation on in coming solar radiation, little in winter and 24 hours sunlight in summer. As science already says that pole (north and south poles) receive less solar radiation, due to this the temperature is very cold, dry air at the surface.

Frozen Ice

The processes we discussed above will help in sustained very low temperature in winter. There are some places where temperature is below freezing point such as Antarctica Due to this low temperature water frozen through out the year. On the other hand Arctic and south ocean store large volumes of liquid water and there surface is covered with sea ice.

Sea Ice as Insulator

The Antarctic and Arctic region come in polar region. Due to polar climate the temperature in these regions is very low. So the sea ice in these regions work as insulator and insulates the underlying water from heat loss and due to less loss of heat, the organisms underlying the water survive. High albedo due sea ice and reflect back most of the solar radiation.

Climate Change

In Arctic and Antarctic It has been observed that the climate is changing during the past 2 millions years. These changing is well documented and predicted that if the temperature is rising in this manner then the ice will melt down. Due to this melting of ice the sea level rises and human life can be affected due to this like Tsunami is a good example.

Polar bears lives, give birth, and hunt on sea ice its means that polar bears depend on sea ice. They need it to travel from one region to another for hunting. The survival of cubs and mother depends on the climate and mother too. Less winter sea ice means that female polar bears have to go longer without food, which automatically impact on there health.

Variability in climate could threaten the life of polar bear and could affect the reproduction. Due to decline in Ice Sea certain seabirds like ivory gulls and little auks are also affected. There is another thing that some species of seal are vulnerable due to change in temperature and climate because the rarely come to ground like harp seal, spotted seal and the ringed seal.

Conclusion

Due to polar climate there are lots of water is store in solid form means sea ice and some species also depend on the polar climate for survival and for hunting.

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